Direct Manipulation Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Direct Manipulation - Assignment Example Video game is one of the best applications where the techniques of direct manipulation are very successful. At the present, the use of video games is increasing because of its entertainment and easy to recognize operations. In fact, people are able to build a variety of skills by playing video games. Additionally, the physical gestures of video games are straightforward and mistakes can be easily corrected depending on their severity; therefore error messages are needless. Similarly, these standards can also be implemented to office automation and personal computing and other arrangements (Huang, Miwa, & Cayabyab, 2013; Hundhausen, Farley, & Brown, 2009). The research has shown that the principles of direct manipulation can be used in video game controls for example game users always want to use games that are easy to use, system with better availability of feedback and much easier to learn than use. In addition, the principles of direct manipulation can also be employed for differing ones that lead to certainty as well as sense of control that system user needs much more. Moreover, another example of principles of direct manipulation is to have simple and intuitive action specification in video games (Sanderson, 1998; Shneiderman, Direct Manipulation A Step Beyond Programming Languages, 1983; Shneiderman, Direct Manipulation for Comprehensible, Predictable and Controllable User Interfaces, 1997). Interface design is believed to be one of the most difficult aspects of game development for that reason that it requires transferring huge data and instructions to the player as well as there is small screen space which has to be utilized for completing all these tasks that to do it. Hence, when the interface is less effectively designed, a good game idea can be minimized to an annoying user experience (Dev Mag, 2011). It is an admitted fact that with the passage of time and advancement of technology the real life applications are becoming easy to

Honda vs Toyota Essay Example for Free

Honda vs Toyota Essay The Honda Company was founded by Soichiro Honda . Soichiro Honda was a racer, a businessman, and a manufacturer. But most of all he was a dreamer. He dreamed of a better way of making piston rings, founded a small company, and began production. He dreamed of giving people everywhere an economical form of transportation, and began producing small motorcycles, including one built in 1949 called the D-Type Dream. Soichiro Honda started Honda Motor Company in 1948, at the age of 41. Honda of America Mfg. has been committed to building quality products for their customers and quality communities where their associates live and work. Their Fundamental Beliefs are Respect for the Individual and The Three Joys. The three joys are Joy of Buying, The Joy of Selling and The Joy of Creating  which express Hondas belief and desire that each person working in, or coming into contact with the company, directly or through or products, should share a sense of joy through that experience. Hondas company principle is Maintaining a global viewpoint, we are dedicated to supplying products of the highest quality, yet at a reasonable price, for worldwide customer satisfaction. Honda Management Policies are Proceed always with ambition and youthfulness, Respect sound theory, develop fresh ideas and make the most effective use of time. Also Enjoy your work, and encourage open communications, Strive constantly for a harmonious flow of work, Be ever mindful of the value of research and endeavor. Honda follows a philosophy they call â€Å"The Racing Spirit†. This philosophy is summarized by Seek the Challenge, Being ready on Time, Teamwork, Quick Response, and Winner Takes All. Honda seeks to minimize waste throughout the entire manufacturing process. This starts with designing production processes, parts logistics, energy management systems and other operations in ways to reduce their impact on the environment. Improving the energy efficiency of Honda factories is the single biggest focus to reduce the environmental impact of its manufacturing operations. As a result, Honda plants are leaders in reducing CO2  and other greenhouse gases. Honda views solid waste generated in their factories as the inefficient use of raw materials. From this perspective, Honda has established a waste management hierarchy at its manufacturing operations with the ideal of producing no downstream waste. The Toyoda Automatic Loom company was founded by Sakichi Toyoda, a prolific inventor, based on his groundbreaking designs. Toyota has a Production System which is steeped in the philosophy of the complete elimination of all waste imbuing all aspects of production in pursuit of the most efficient methods. Toyota Motor Corporations vehicle production system is a way of making things that is sometimes referred to as a lean manufacturing system or a Just-in-Time system, and has come to be well known and studied worldwide. This production control system has been established based on many years of continuous improvements. Based on the basic philosophies of jidoka and Just-in-Time, the TPS can efficiently and quickly produce vehicles of sound quality, one at a time, that fully satisfy customer requirements. The concept of jidoka is Highlighting or visualization of problems which is basically the idea that quality must be built in during the manufacturing process. The Just-In-Time concept is basically productivity improvement which means making only what is needed, when it is needed, and in the amount needed. Toyota has seven guiding principles. The first principle is honor the language and spirit of the law of every nation and undertakes open and fair business activities to be a good corporate citizen of the world. The second principle is respect the culture and customs of every nation and contribute to economic and social development through corporate activities in their respective communities. The third principle is Dedicate our business to providing clean and safe products and to enhancing the quality of life everywhere through all of our activities. the forth principle is Create and develop advanced technologies and provide outstanding products and services that fulfill the needs of customers worldwide. The fifth principle is Foster a corporate culture that enhances both individual creativity and the value of teamwork, while honoring mutual trust and respect between labor and management. The sixth principle is pursue growth through harmony with the global community via innovative management. The last principle is Work with business partners in research and manufacture to achieve stable, long-term growth and mutual benefits, while keeping ourselves open to new partnerships. Toyotas has for Action Guidelines. The first guideline is take on the challenge of achieving zero emissions at all stages. The second guideline is Business partners are partners in creating a better environment, Cooperate with associated companies. The third guideline is As a member of society actively participate in social actions. The last guideline is toward better understanding actively disclose information and promote environmental awareness. The four basic policies are contribution toward a prosperous 21st century society, pursue all possible environmental technologies, develop a voluntary improvement plan, and build close and cooperative relationships with a wide spectrum of individuals and organizations

Readers Find Simple Faith in Karons Books Essay -- Jan Karons Mitfor

Readers Find Simple Faith in Karon's Books Since 1994 Jan Karon's Mitford series of novels has sold more than three million copies, with the latest, A New Song, occupying the number one position on Amazon.com's list during the last week of April this year (Jones 71). The Mitford books focus on inspirational stories, spiritual themes, and small town humor. Readers identify with the realistic characters in the stories. Rogene Kellar, 83, in a Newsweek article said she has read each book four times. Kellar further remarked, "I think you feel better having read them, but it's not goody-goody." Kellar's daughter, Carol Montgomery 57, said, "It gives you peace." The Mitford books enjoy a following of devoted readers and have also become marketable in another way. Hallmark plans to release the Mitford collection of greeting cards and collectible knick-knacks soon. Penguin Books publishes a quarterly Mitford reading group discussion guide and the newsletter, More from Mitford. Additionally, respected women's magazines such as Victori a have retained Karon as Writer in Residence publishing pieces of short fiction about Mitford. However, despite all of the attention, some readers want more of Karon. Lauren Winner in a recent article, "Karon's Agenda," published in Christianity Today finds: The Mitford books are strikingly bereft of anything controversial--no women priests or church wardens, for example, are ever mentioned, nor is the issue that is currently threatening to divide the Episcopal church in America--homosexuality. . . .I believe Karon would only do her readers a service by tackling these admittedly explosive questions head-on. (Winner 65) Winner asserts Karon avoids such issues in the books "presumably because they... ..., but they remain the issues that most, common, citizens face in their communities. So perhaps a simple, "day-to-day" faith is sufficient after all. Works Cited Jones, Malcolm. "Touched by Angels." Newsweek May 3, 1999: 71-72. Karon, Jan. At Home in Mitford. New York: Penguin Books, 1994. Karon, Jan. A Light in the Window. New York: Penguin Books, 1995. Kaorn, Jan. These High, Green Hills. New York: Penguin Books, 1996. Karon, Jan. Out to Canaan. New York: Penguin Books, 1997. Karon, Jan. A New Song. New York: Viking Books, 1999. The Student Bible: New International Version. Grand Rapids: Zondervan Bible Publishers, 1986. Tompkins, Jane. Sensational Designs: The Cultural Work of American Fiction 1790- 1860. New York: Oxford University Press, 1985. Winner, Lauren. "Karon's Agenda." Christianity Today July 12, 1999: 64-65.

Obesity Outline

Outline I. Introduction a. â€Å"Fictional person’s name†, age, weight, location†¦ b. Job, hobbies, background intro information c. Family history/background info II. Obesity a. Definition- â€Å"a condition that is characterized by excessive accumulation and storage of fat in the body and that in an adult is typically indicated by a body mass index of 30 or greater (Merriam-Webster’s medical dictionary) http://www2. merriam-webster. com/cgi-bin/mwmedsamp b. BMI- Body mass Index(abbreviation) i.Definition- Merriam-Webster’s medical dictionary defines Body mass index as â€Å"a measure of body fat that is the ratio of the weight of the body in kilograms to the square of its height in meters (Merriam-Webster’s medical dictionary). http://www2. merriam-webster. com/cgi-bin/mwmedsamp c. Causes of obesity i. Taking in more calories than burning- â€Å"A lack of energy balance most often causes overweight and obesity. Energy balance means that you r energy IN equals your energy OUT† (National heart lung and blood institute). http://www. hlbi. nih. gov/health/dci/Diseases/obe/obe_causes. html ii. Lack of physical activity iii. Bad eating habits iv. Eating for comfort, binge eating III. Environmental factors a. Access or lack of access to sidewalks and pathways for walking in neighborhood. b. Busy work schedule c. Convenience of fast food d. Restaurant food size portions e. Access to stores that offer fruits and vegetables f. TV commercials that advertise fast food, snacks that are high in fat IV. Family/inherited genes a. Genes b. Adopting habits of parents i.Parents are overweight; child tends to adopt eating and physical activity habits. V. Health factors a. Hormone problems may cause obesity i. Hypothyroidism 1. Define: â€Å"Hypothyroidism is a condition characterized by abnormally low thyroid hormone production. There are many disorders that result in hypothyroidism. These disorders may directly or indirectly invol ve the thyroid gland. Because thyroid hormone affects growth, development, and many cellular processes, inadequate thyroid hormone has widespread consequences for the body (Medicine. et). http://www. medicinenet. com/hypothyroidism/article. htm 2. â€Å"Cushing's syndrome is a condition in which the body's adrenal glands make too much of the hormone cortisol. Cushing's syndrome also can develop if a person takes high doses of certain medicines, such as prednisone, for long periods IV. Other factors†¦ a. Age- muscle loss can slow the rate of calorie burning b. Medications c. Emotional eating d. Smoking- when people quiet food tastes and smells better VI.Health problems a. Coronary heart disease i. Definition b. High blood pressure c. Stroke d. Sleep apnea e. Gallstones VII. Solutions a. Exercise b. Healthy eating choices c. Portion control d. Support groups- A support group is formed by people who are dealing with common issues and â€Å"meet on an ongoing basis to cope with s tress, give each other suggestions, provide encouragement, convey information, and furnish emotional support(Barker, 2003) (Kirst-Ashman, K. , 2011, p 116). â€Å"

Give Examples of social injustice

We see the social injustice against women in the novel Parvana and Newspaper article â€Å"Mukhtar Fought Back†. In the novel Parvana we were shown social injustice where eleven year old girl Parvana had to masquerade as a boy to gain access to the outside world. For much of the story her father is imprisoned leaving only her mother, older sister and two very young siblings. Most of the country is ruled by the Taliban and Taliban laws require women to cover themselves & ban girls from attending school or going out unescorted. She has rarely been outside but Parvana's disguise provides her a measure of freedom and the means to support her family. I believe that humans, female or male have desire to learn but discover that the laws are so socially restricting for females that they must resort to disguise and further risks. This is injustice not only to females but humankind. I think since the â€Å"Taliban† were corrupted in their beliefs they carried these laws on women. As there were misbelieves at higher level, people under them followed the road of injustice for e. g. some soldiers raped women who didn't cover themselves including their face. This also shows why parents in third world countries desire to have a male child because the boys provide more freedom and measures to families. Another example of social injustice against women is shown in the Newspaper article â€Å"Mukhtar Fought Back†. Mukhtar Mai was gang raped for an offence supposedly committed by her twelve years old brother Shakur. Mukhtar and her family are from the low Gujar caste and are expected to be subservient to the Mastoi. Therefore men of dominant caste Mastoi had the decision making power and resolved that to appease the honour of their caste; she must be raped in revenge for what they claimed was the rape of one of their women by Shakur. This shows that today there are societies that are based on the unfair system of caste and the justice is given on the decision made by the people of dominant caste. This also proves that the castes that are dominant have the right to speak and to even make wrong decision over the people of low caste. In reality it was a made up attempt to hide the fact that it was her brother who had been raped by men from the Mastoi caste. I think the guilt felt by the Mastoi for raping the boy lead them to exert their caste power on the weak caste and thought she is uneducated and poor, hence she will not able to take an action against them. Furthermore I believe they were over confident and they supposed if Mukhtar was raped she will also commit suicide as this is the custom. Often women were blamed even when they were the victims of rape but her sense of outrage and injustice made her refuse to commit suicide. I believe her story is not a victim's story; it's the tale of a survivor, and a fighter. I believe that the injustice she felt inside is a universal feeling of injustice, humans from all levels of civilization have natural sense of common morals and so she knew this is not right in any country or culture. I believe that in most of the third world countries often women are prohibited to do the same things as men since men are dominant. I think social awakening has to be brought up by the educated people themselves. The politicians should spend time to educate people. It is not civilized to ostricise a rape victim. I believe that on going efforts in social education would reduce the crimes committed against women in the third world countries.

Medicare Fraud Essay Example

Medicare Fraud Essay Example Medicare Fraud Paper Medicare Fraud Paper The US government should instill morals into all professionals who are involved in Medicare, thus urging them to be trust worthy, transparent, and accountable during treatment activities. All the doctors and nurses especially in Miami, New York, Detroit, Houston, Baton Rouge, and La ought to avoid giving false bills for unnecessary equipments in Medicare, physiotherapy and H. I. V treatments (Yaffe Aranda, 2005). Moreover, the government should ensure that medical specialists are paid well. This would motivate the professionals to work perfectly in treating the patients, thus reducing Medicare fraud in the country. The government should ensure that medical practitioners are barred from running their own medical clinics. This is because such business practices promote double-dealing in the practitioners’ areas of expertise by enabling them to steal medical equipments. Further, the experts are not dedicated in attending to the patients in government hospital s. Rather, doctors and nurses give more attention to their clinics and patients. The government must enforce tough criminal penalties on the doctors and nurses as well as officials who indulge themselves in Medicare fraud offences. All the doctors and nurses should understand age management techniques scientifically sound medical approaches that ensure that aging is treated as manageable process. This knowledge enables the medical professionals to have the zeal to promote increased energy among the patients, body fitness, and overall wellbeing throughout all life phases. In addition, the government of USA should ensure that effective pharmacotherapy research is done. Such research, as happens in various academic institutions, including Yale University, the University of Taxes, as well as the University of California, will help to prepare the doctors and nurses to take care of the patients. Moreover, the USA has established authority to oversee bogus claims brought by patients, doctors, nurses and officials in order to acquire money in unjust ways. The authority controls undercover urgent used by private clinics and also the kickback payments in private rooms. Finally, the USA government should set up bodies which ensure quality assurance in all hospitals and medical centers. This will ensure that all the patients receive desirable medical attention in order to promote their health. Reference Yaffe, S. J. ; Aranda, J. V. (2005). Neonatal and pediatric pharmacology: Therapeutic principles in practice. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams Wilkins.

Free Essays on Dipole

â€Å"A dipole in a dielectric: Intriguing results and shape dependence of the distant electric field† â€Å"A dipole in a dielectric†, a familiar statement to say the least! It was not the mention of dipole that persuaded me to include this article in my portfolio, but the conflicting results attained by two seemingly â€Å"correct† methods of determining the dipole moment. I can’t say that I enjoy conflict, in fact I don’t. I do however realize that many of the giant leaps in physics materialized do to inconsistantcies in what was once accepted as true. In these instances many basic truths needed to be modified to explain the disagreement. Could this be the beginning of something big? Consider a dipole consisting of only +q and –q a distance â€Å"d† apart. If we let d0 then we have a point dipole p0. If we are located in a linear dielectric gauss’ law becomes = q. The medium is not a vacuum and the charges in the dielectric can be taken into consideration in the form . Likewise the dipole takes shape as . This is the standard text book solution. Using this information the potential is found to be If we approach the problem from a different perspective, using a spherical version of Laplace’s equation for azimuthal symmetry and inserting the dipole into an empty spherical cavity of radius R (within the dielectric) and letting R0, we get a potential in the vacuum region of . The potential in the dielectric region is . By exploiting the continuity of the scalar potential and finding the -field we get and . Applying boundary conditions gives = so that . Solving gives: , , And a different dipole moment than found through conventional methods. So what is different? The classic method (text book solution) for solving for the dipole moment was to have two charges in a dielectric and a vacuum cavity between them that shrinks to 0. Method two inserts both charges into th... Free Essays on Dipole Free Essays on Dipole â€Å"A dipole in a dielectric: Intriguing results and shape dependence of the distant electric field† â€Å"A dipole in a dielectric†, a familiar statement to say the least! It was not the mention of dipole that persuaded me to include this article in my portfolio, but the conflicting results attained by two seemingly â€Å"correct† methods of determining the dipole moment. I can’t say that I enjoy conflict, in fact I don’t. I do however realize that many of the giant leaps in physics materialized do to inconsistantcies in what was once accepted as true. In these instances many basic truths needed to be modified to explain the disagreement. Could this be the beginning of something big? Consider a dipole consisting of only +q and –q a distance â€Å"d† apart. If we let d0 then we have a point dipole p0. If we are located in a linear dielectric gauss’ law becomes = q. The medium is not a vacuum and the charges in the dielectric can be taken into consideration in the form . Likewise the dipole takes shape as . This is the standard text book solution. Using this information the potential is found to be If we approach the problem from a different perspective, using a spherical version of Laplace’s equation for azimuthal symmetry and inserting the dipole into an empty spherical cavity of radius R (within the dielectric) and letting R0, we get a potential in the vacuum region of . The potential in the dielectric region is . By exploiting the continuity of the scalar potential and finding the -field we get and . Applying boundary conditions gives = so that . Solving gives: , , And a different dipole moment than found through conventional methods. So what is different? The classic method (text book solution) for solving for the dipole moment was to have two charges in a dielectric and a vacuum cavity between them that shrinks to 0. Method two inserts both charges into th...

How to get away with research

How to get away with research Rules to Entitle Research Paper Most of the readers will select an article, paper or a book judging from its title. And no matter what kind of content is hidden behind the heading, if the latter isn’t hackneyed, even the most captivating plot may remain undiscovered. But when it goes about scientific research paper entries, it’s not only title informativeness that matters. There are more important aspects to keep in mind. Make research paper title a self-sustainable one A title isn’t just a logical beginning of the paper. In fact, it’s a paper in itself though in a very concise form. Simply put, research paper heading should reflect the subject and the main purpose of the whole scientific work. If the title, taken separately from the content, doesn’t give an idea about the paper, it won’t attract readers’ attention either. Long or short title? - Make the one required by research paper type Many think that the shorter heading is, the more attractive it looks. Not always. Generally, all titles are divided into three categories: topic or nominal titles, statement or compound and sentence-long headings. Normally, nominal titles, that are the ones consisting of a few words, usually nouns, are the most popular. They are brief and laconic, but provide little information about the paper. Thus, they are more characteristic of an entertaining genre of writing. However, sentence-long titles aren’t peculiar for all research papers either. If, you’ve got an extended psychology research, for instance, then full-sentence heading is the best way to give a reader a focus of your paper. But in the rest of the cases up to 10-word long titles are preferable. Use appropriate language Writing a title for a research paper many limit themselves to a formal tone only. However, there are more â€Å"dos and don’ts† in crafting linguistically-correct heading for a research paper. Here is what you should do, when writing research paper title: Use scientific terms or words that define the nature of the research paper Use words or phrases that invite a reader to have a closer look at your research paper Use proper articles Make all notional words of the title capitalized And here is what can spoil your title and make it incorrect in terms of language use: Misuse of punctuation. While commas and even exclamatory mark are allowed to use in a title, other signs of punctuation such as semicolon and slash are forbidden Use of abbreviations Quotation marks that capture the whole title Remember that title is the first thing read. So, make it powerful using the rules above.

The effect of different concentrations of Sodim Chloride on rate of Essay

The effect of different concentrations of Sodim Chloride on rate of Germination - Essay Example It first reduces imbibition of water because of the lowered osmotic potential of the medium (Bliss et al., 1985). Second, it causes toxicity; that is, it changes enzymatic activity, hampers protein metabolism, upsets plant growth regulators balance, and reduces the utilization of seed reserves. It may elicit changes at ultrastructural, cellular and tissue, or even at organ levels (Dell’Aquila & Spada, 1993). Salinity interacts with certain plant and environmental factors during germination. Among these plant factors are seed coat, dormancy, seed age, seed polymorphism, and seedling vigor. Environmental factors include temperature, light, availability of water, and oxygen (Pessarakli, 1999). In this experiment, it will be determined if salt will interfere with the rate of germination of soybean seeds. To assure that all other factors are held constant, a standard germination test will be undertaken under optimum conditions for seed germination. 2. Five rectangular plates (12†x5†) will be lined with paper towels pre-moistened by different solutions. Plate A is the control and it will be moistened with distilled water. Plate B will be moistened by the 0.5M NaCl solution, Plate C will be moistened with 1M NaCl solution, Plate D will be moistened with 2M NaCl solution and Plate E is moistened with 3M NaCl solution. 4. In the next three days, the paper towels in the plates will be moistened twice a day (10 AM and 4 PM) with the appropriate salt solution to prevent water loss due to evaporation. Also, the germinated seeds in each plate will be counted and recorded. . For this experiment, we will define germination as the breaking of the seed coat and the emergence of the radicle. With the obtained results, the Chi-Square Test will be used because it will be compared how well an observed breakdown of germinated seeds over various categories fits some expected breakdown, such as an equal breakdown of

Toyota Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Toyota - Essay Example The company has developed a separate system called Toyota Production System (TPS) in order to manage its production operations. This system gives more focus on avoidance of over production and this strategy may sometimes adversely affect the expansional notions of Toyota. Hence, it is recommendable for the company to engage in more large scale production. Similarly, the Toyota must improve its competitiveness by introducing effective long term promotional strategies as the company economically lags behind Japan’s No.2 Nissan Motor Co Ltd and third ranked Honda Motor Co Ltd. The company must design a well structured employee development program that would establish a balance between an individual’s personal interests and organizational goals. Likewise, it is advisable for the management to make interpersonal relationships with employees so that it can ensure effective information flow between the organization’s top level to bottom level and vice versa. For this pu rpose, the firm may arrange for periodical meetings or appoint unit supervisors.

Business ethics Dissertation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Business ethics - Dissertation Example Ethics examines the ethical problems and moral issues faced by the businesses and apply to individuals as well organizations. It is a form of applied ethics more relevant to ethical conduct of organizations and individuals working in organizations. Business ethics have both the normative as descriptive dimensions however, from the perspective of the practice, business ethics are mostly considered as normative in nature. The overall emphasis is balancing the act between the commercial and profit maximizing motives of the organizations with that of the non-commercial and non-economic concerns which may directly affect other stakeholders of the organization. It has been argued that the business ethnics have evolved over the period of time however, the concept as a whole started to take roots during 1970s. Over the period of time, not only on the academic level but at the practice level, business ethics evolved and organizations started to give due consideration to business ethics. Organ izations actually attempted to adapt business ethics in order to distance themselves from the dubious business scandals. As a result of this drive, overall reporting on ethical issues improved to allow all the stakeholders a better view of information regarding ethical conduct of the organizations. This literature review will provide an extensive analysis and exploration of the seminal and most recent work on the topic of business ethics. By reviewing the existing and past literature, this review will offer an insight into how the discipline has evolved and what future course of action can be taken by the researchers in this discipline. Ethics and Business Ethics Conceptually, business ethics deal with moral features of the commercial activity performed by the business entities. In practice, however there is a wide array of disciplines and subjects which are pursued under the heading of business ethics. Business ethics therefore are constructed as a discipline for moral reflection t he commerce activity and are considered as as old as the trade itself is. From academic point of view, the field of business ethics however, is relatively new as major work in this field took place in the last 4 decades which witnessed growth of literature on the topic of business ethics and organization efforts to incorporate business ethics into their strategy. The roots of ethics and business ethics largely are founded in the religion as it is from here the overall need to do good emerge. Religion stressed upon the use of justice and fairness in terms of trade and commerce and thus binds its followers to observe justice, equality and fairness when dealing with others in trade and commerce related activities. The oldest evidence regarding setting up some sort of ethical bindings on the commercial activities can be found in the Code of Hammurabi which not described the rules for setting up prices but also deliberated upon setting up tariffs and other rules for the commercial activi ty. (Moriarty, 2005) However, the definite and more formal theory on business ethics starts with the work of Aristotle and Plato as contained in both the Republic as well as Politics. Republic, a book by Plato clearly speaks about the idea of Justice and outline that Justice is speaking the truth and giving back what one receives. This idea of justice seem to be aligned with the responsibility of the business to actually provide accurate and true reporting of its affair besides participating into the activities which are beneficial for the society as a whole. Plato’s concept of justice therefore is considered as something where Justice flows naturally from the type of activities pursued by the organizations. This relationship of justice also outlines the basic structure of the exchange taking place between two parties engaging into any trade related transactions and forming the contractual arrangements. Business activities therefore need to be oriented towards the achievement of a balance between the rights of two parties engaged into sort of

Customer service assignment Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Customer service assignment - Case Study Example t an ambience to its customers, which not only helps the customer in enjoying the drinks and meals but also helps in the restaurant in gaining goodwill. In order that the restaurant is able to satisfy the customer and re-invite them in future, it is very important that restaurant is able to market itself in an effective manner. Traditionally, four Ps are considered of prime importance for an enterprise to market itself. The marketing mix is thus known to comprise of1 Product, Price, Place and Promotion. Though Ahmed might be offering the best products at reasonable prices, but in this case, what seems to be lacking is the promotion. Promotion doesn’t necessarily mean coming out with advertisement in newspapers or commercials in television or radio. But, a satisfied customer can often prove to be an effective ambassador of the product or service. A well behaved customer care executive or salesperson can also help in assisting the good word about the business entity. The restaur ant must not only be looking at tangible benefits, but intangible benefits also prove to be of immense importance towards the success of the venture. For example, intangible benefits like goodwill and brand equity can only be strengthened with a pro-active attitude from the employees and customers. It needs to be emphasized here that engaging the customer and informing him or her about the products or services on offer is extremely important for them to make a choice. There might be regular customers fully aware about the products, but even those customers love to get pleasant surprises in the form of new dishes or new schemes. Being unfriendly is certainly an unpardonable act towards the customers. Therefore, in order that the observed shortcomings can be done away with and employees behave in a professional manner and prove to be friendly for the customers, they need to be trained. The rule of thumb in customer service is that whosoever comes in contact with the customer, is supposed to

Employment and Law of Tort Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Employment and Law of Tort - Essay Example In our scenarios, it is seen that the first case deals with the aspect of tort law dealing with emotional distress caused by the employer. It must be noted that in order to establish the occurrence of intentional emotional distress, the plaintiff or the person inflicting the tort should show any of the four patterns as indicated by Biotech.law.lsu.edu (1983) Moving onwards to the second scenario, a trick played by the chef resulted in physical injury to the cashier thus breaking his wrist. This is a clear example of assault and battery. Stender and Steele (2009) mention in their study that according to the Restatement (Second) of Torts  § 18 (1965), â€Å"one is subject to liability for battery if: (a) he acts intending to cause a harmful or offensive contact with the person of the other or a third person, or an imminent apprehension of such a contact; and (b) a harmful contact with the person of the other directly or indirectly results†. Bestattorneysonline.com (2012) describes the tort of assault as the fear of the plaintiff whereby he is of the idea that the defender might cause him physical harm. In other words, the injury has not been inflicted but rather a threat has been made or action showing the intention of causing hurt has been done. On the other hand, battery is labeled as the harmful act itself, i.e. the injury has been inflicted with direct and intentional force to cause harm or damage to another person. Bestattorneysonline.com (2012)  Legal Articles - What is the Difference Between Assault and Battery? [online] Available at: http://www.bestattorneysonline.com/articles/makhsudul-islam/what-is-the-difference-between-assault-and-battery/368/ [Accessed: 17 Dec

Customer service assignment Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Customer service assignment - Case Study Example t an ambience to its customers, which not only helps the customer in enjoying the drinks and meals but also helps in the restaurant in gaining goodwill. In order that the restaurant is able to satisfy the customer and re-invite them in future, it is very important that restaurant is able to market itself in an effective manner. Traditionally, four Ps are considered of prime importance for an enterprise to market itself. The marketing mix is thus known to comprise of1 Product, Price, Place and Promotion. Though Ahmed might be offering the best products at reasonable prices, but in this case, what seems to be lacking is the promotion. Promotion doesn’t necessarily mean coming out with advertisement in newspapers or commercials in television or radio. But, a satisfied customer can often prove to be an effective ambassador of the product or service. A well behaved customer care executive or salesperson can also help in assisting the good word about the business entity. The restaur ant must not only be looking at tangible benefits, but intangible benefits also prove to be of immense importance towards the success of the venture. For example, intangible benefits like goodwill and brand equity can only be strengthened with a pro-active attitude from the employees and customers. It needs to be emphasized here that engaging the customer and informing him or her about the products or services on offer is extremely important for them to make a choice. There might be regular customers fully aware about the products, but even those customers love to get pleasant surprises in the form of new dishes or new schemes. Being unfriendly is certainly an unpardonable act towards the customers. Therefore, in order that the observed shortcomings can be done away with and employees behave in a professional manner and prove to be friendly for the customers, they need to be trained. The rule of thumb in customer service is that whosoever comes in contact with the customer, is supposed to

BUS303 MODULE 2 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

BUS303 MODULE 2 - Assignment Example Our divisions and a few other departments are faced with a 25% budget reduction this year. We need to come up with different ways to work with the budget cuts. The intension of our teams is to ensure that your relationship with the students is not impacted in any manner. We understand how difficult it can be to develop a strong rapport with the students and also the efforts put in by each one of you. Hence we have come up with one simple move, which will contribute to the overall issue to a great extent. Since we do not wish to impact any of the academic aspects of the university, hence one of the closest means to manage this issue is close to your office desk. Our aim is to work together as a team and to save money by working on our recycling efforts. One simple step by each one of you can help the university sustain itself and keep up its excellent performance. All staff is requested to empty their own trash baskets into the recycle bins in the basement. This will not only assist us as a team but will also prove to be beneficial for you as well in terms of small exercise. A simple step like this will reduce the overall departmental custodial costs to a great extent while also helping the environment by efficient recycling. This approach has been adopted by the Business Division team and has proved to be very effective for the cost-saving project. A sincere request is for you to empty your trash on a weekly basis or as often as you require. Unlike other universities we do not wish to cut down on any other services, and wish to be able to effectively cut costs by recycling. The approach used here is to appeal to the sense of reason in the organisation. Here since this mail is being sent out to well-educated individuals, with strong education background and knowledge of sustainability, the most effective approach is to use logical reasoning (Camp). The explanation in the memo will provide a

Concert Review Essay Example for Free

Concert Review Essay The rhythm, which was continuously steady seemed to get faster like a heart beat by the climax of the song. It was also at this point that the dynamics of the song were increasingly getting louder until all instruments met at the top with a bang and then changed the dynamics again to a moderate level until the song concluded. â€Å"Waltz for Debby†, written by Bill Evans and arranged by Don Sebesky, was a consonant, slow-beat waltz. The texture of this piece remained the same through its entirety and the 1,2,3 pattern was also very noticeably throughout the piece as well. The saxophone, trumpet and electric guitar took turns at the melody and did so through this performance in the form of solos. The dynamics throughout this song were soft and then increased to a moderate level before a decrescendo to a softer level once again. The ensemble did a fabulous job of keeping with the beat. â€Å"Ancient Memories†, by Fred Hamilton and arranged by Paul Ferguson, was played the night of the concert by guest trumpeter, Darryl White. Mr. White played this song because it is the title track on his 1999 album, also called â€Å"Ancient Memories†. Mr. White is a professor of trumpet at the University of Nebraska. This piece began by having very dissonant tones within the harmony with the introduction of a piano and drums. The song then changed into a more consonant harmony, which remained throughout the rest of the song. The texture of this song was polyphonic between the trumpet and the piano. The melody of this song was bright and happy in some places within the song and more cool and relaxing in other parts as the tempo changed and the notes of the trumpet were held for emphasis. There were many dynamics used within this song. The song began with a crescendo from very soft to very loud and then remained in this pattern until the end when the pattern was reversed. â€Å"Fly Me to the Moon† was for me a song of romance from the time the first note began. The song was passionate and sexy and displayed dialogue without using any words. The ensemble played this piece with steadiness and the solo by Cassi Lee provided the extended dialogue that sounded like dancing and twirling in the moonlight. This song reminded me of â€Å"My Heart Will Go On† in that the instrumental nature of it tells a story, just as much as when Celine Dion is singing the lyrics. I found listening to this song a worthwhile experience and it was a fantastic beginning to the jazz concert in that it was familiar to the audience. â€Å"Waltz for Debby’ made me wonder who Debby was and why someone would write such an old-sounding song for someone they loved. The song was very pretty, but it was of a different genre than that of the other pieces within the concert. It is honestly hard for me to recommend this song to anyone, for I thought it was dull and lacked the depth of the other songs throughout the evening. â€Å"Ancient Memories† was a beautiful piece. I am not sure what I enjoyed more, the fact that Mr. White played with such passion and made the song his own life force or that this piece reminded me of my childhood. This piece reminded me of something Bill Cosby would have on the Cosby Show in one of the jazz clubs. The song was fun and although the song had a lot of repetition, I loved listening to the changes over and over again. The Jazz Ensemble concert at Tarleton was an enjoyable evening full of great music and intellectually stimulating experiences of music that I would not have listened to if not for this assignment. Diversification is an important lesson to learn when viewing music because all music has roots from another genre and recognizing this makes you more diversified as an individual.

Financial Report for Furniture Company | Example

Financial Report for Furniture Company | Example Financial Report Scenario: Must Have Furnishers TABLE OF CONTENTS (JUMP TO) INTRODUCTION TASK ONE: Effect of Policies on Company Performance TASK TWO: Effect of Product Diversification and Promotions TASK THREE: Risk Analysis   TASK FOUR: Production and Profitability TASK FIVE: Buying Out and Merging CONCLUSION REFERENCES APPENDICES A-E TABLE 1. CASH FLOWS TABLE 2. SIMPLIFIED PROFIT AND LOSS TABLE 3. SIMPLIFIED BALANCE SHEET TABLE 4. PROFIT AND LOSS FOR MARCH 2001 THROUGH MARCH 2002 TABLE 5. BALANCE SHEETS FOR MARCH 2002 AND MARCH 2003 FOR COMPARISION INTRODUCTION A company with staying power within the marketplace will have a keen understanding of ebb and flow, be able to communicate change and put into practice strategies that also reflect flexibility and values for growth situations. The relationship between values and culture, leaders and teams of employees must maintain a healthy balance in order for the status quo of everyday operations to remain but also for the strategies to remain in place and augmenting in flux with market variables. This paper presents an interesting scenario of five tasks for you as the management trainee to explore and devise a financial report based on the company’s financial statements such as Profit and Loss, Year End results and other balance sheets. There is a new sales manager, who has promoted new policies toward change to increase sales and production but in other words created growing pains toward an organisation that will require investment, acquiring equipment and employees. It is part of your job to remain focused and subjective to the task at hand and evaluate each of the five tasks with the future of the organisation in mind but also the validity of such growth and the future investments needed. While outside investment is warranted at times, with a growing successful venture, it is assumed that some capital can come from within. However it is curious if her â€Å"tried and true† scheme will work for the present economic state. So many consumers purchase ticket item s on instalment credit but will this happen when consumer confidence is down and what will this mean for the organisation? TASK ONE: Effect of Policies on Company Performance There is concern that the company cannot keep up with production for this new promotion scheme set into place by the new sales manager who has promoted credit related sales. The director is concerned and has asked you to compile a report elaborating on whether the performance of the company and it’s financial position at the year-end has improved because of the new policies put into place. What is your opinion and rationale? According to the end year statements, operation costs are down which means the factory has reached a new level of efficiency. This indicates that something is going right at the shop room floor when compared with the prior year. It can be expected that the future productivity will be even higher with that rate of growth and profitability in consideration. However part of the scheme has been to introduce a line of credit to the consumer as a way of purchasing high ticket items and furnishing their homes. The main concern here when looking at the year-end statements comparatively should be cause of alarm on the point of the director. The prior year 2002 there were 166 debt accounts to the company. This year 2003 there are 1166 debt accounts and this is at a growth rate of a thousand new accounts or a rate 14 percent for this segment. The main concern here is the rate of repayment that needs to be established over time with these debtors. How quickly are they paying off their accounts a nd at what rate of interest? This could become a problem should some of them fall behind because then the company needs to implement a debt collection service, which will be an additional expense to the company. Sometimes it is impossible to collect on such merchandise. While the promotion may have spawned a tremendous amount of growth, it has also opened up the company for increased risk in the future for profit and loss. The year 2003 was a good one but one must also consider should the present promotion continue for 204, what are the long-term benefits and risks to having extended credit lines to consumers? TASK TWO: Effect of Product Diversification and Promotions Pricing strategies usually change as the product passes through its life cycle. There are a number of different methods of determining price depending on the product. In today’s game, diversification of products and product add-ons is the key to success especially in a saturated market like furniture. There is much competition. It is with this in mind that companies usually develop multiple promotions as opposed to just one. This way, the company has a promotion that can be priced for every budget. For your organisation, this may mean running ad campaigns, for instance a two for the price one during the winter season or provide extra perks for the customer who buys package deal. Right now free delivery seems to be a front runner of what the consumer is concerned about when shopping for furniture. As well as the credit offer, which may not drive many to purchase right away, have a sweepstakes drawing or a movie night that features your most comfortable display model. In a satur ated market, it is important for the prices to remain competitive, even reduced at certain times of year. By employing another marketing scheme, it is quite possible that you may see a reduction in credit accounts and more people spending cash especially if the price is right. Still one must be careful to get a return on the product as a profit because also one must consider the cost of acquiring the product, keeping it in stock and delivering to the customer. It is important to always keep in mind the cost of keeping the unit per unit in inventory. This goes beyond what it just costs to produce the unit. Still with the introduction of a counter promotion with reduced price, you will see more inventories out of the warehouse and less debtor credit involved in the transactions. TASK THREE: Risk Analysis The manager has asked you to assess the validity of two projects that are independent of each other and require proper recommendation. You will need to run a risk analysis as well as a net present value analysis in order to determine which project to recommend as both will reduce the handling cost and warehouse stock levels as a means to better manage inventory. We use different pricing models as a framework to aid in the analysis. Such models as CAPM and APT aid in figuring out the levels of risk involved with both projects. For financial professionals it is of utmost importance to assess risk as accurately as possible in order to sell in this case the project. Companies are more than often risk adverse and do not want to take a loss with the money invested. In this respect most companies enjoy a conservative approach, which means the less risk involved the better. Because APT builds upon CAPM and takes the theory to a new level, it requires further analysis to prove the point. Still first in order to understand APT, one must first have a grasp of CAPM works. CAPM can only work to assess risk in the long run scenario. CAPM also assumes the investor does not have inside knowledge and that the Beta is known. This is the only way an expected return can be determined with CAPM. Mark McCracken defines Beta as â€Å"equals 1.0000. 1 exactly. Each company also has a beta. A companys beta is that companys risk compared to the risk of the overall market. If the company has a beta of 3.0, then it is said to be 3 times more risky than the overall market† (par. 1). For this scenario each project has a beta. The amount of risk and the type of risk can be determined by diversification. Systematic risk, which is market risk or undiversified risk, is the portion of an assets risk that cannot be eliminated via diversification. The systematic risk indicates how including a particular asset in a diversified portfolio will contribute to the risky nature of the portfolio. Unsystematic risk, which is firm-specific or diversifiable risk, is the portion o f an assets total risk that can be eliminated by including the security as part of a diversifiable portfolio (Mathis, par. 1). So obviously there are some projects that will not be included in a diverse portfolio because of its defined risk under this theory. CAPM digs deeper to assess for an expression, which relates the expected return on an asset to its systematic risk. This in turn gives the financial professional better idea of the project’s risk behaviour. The equation used is as follows: (Mathis, par. 3) The measure of systematic risk is considered Beta or bi while E[Ri] is equal to the expected return on asset I and Rf is the risk-free rate. E[Rm] is the expected return on the project and E[Rm] – Rf is the market risk premium for the company stock. Once the Beta is known then the risk and rate of return can be found. APT is different because not only can forecast for the long term, it can also work for the short-term scenario. This fact makes it the better of the two theories because it gives the financial professional more tools to assess risk and the rate of return. APT does this by using a model that captures all the data. Other things this model can perform for risk assessment take into account company needs. Risk Estimates such as Tracking Error, Value-at-Risk (VaR), forecast volatility, systematic active risk, beta to benchmark, correlation with benchmark. APT carries out these calculations in a linear framework with a number of different variables. This is how different time frames can be used. For the APT model there are several outside factors to take into account. The ‘Now’ asset is defined by a number of beta possibilities, each of them representing asset sensitivity to a particular factor and characterizing systematic risk associated with this factor, and, as before, residual yield E. In this respect the risk allotted to this particular venture is less. This multi-factored model brings up many questions for the finance assistant. One thing to keep in mind is that not all factors carryover to risk in this area. There are factors that remain assets to an organisation faced with such decisions. This is one reason why periods of growth need solid leadership. This effectively assesses the risk involved for the furniture company’s returns. The NPV is assumed as the present value of the projects cash inflows minus the present value of the projects cash outflows (Mathis, par. 2). This relationship is expressed by the following formula: (Mathis, par. 2) TASK FOUR: Production and Profitability Your company is considering purchasing another machine due to the increase of production of furniture products and advanced sales of select models featured in the current marketing scheme. You are faced with figuring out if purchase of the machine is a profitable idea and if so what is the long-term cost? And how should it be funded? There are factors one is aware of when purchasing a new piece of equipment. Revenues will not change if the machine is purchased. Both the present machine and the new machine will last 5 years and will have no disposal value in five years. The new machine will cost  £400,000. The old machine can be disposed of right now for a disposal value of  £10,000. The new machine will reduce operating costs by $ £100,000 per year (assume cash flows at the end of the years). Assume a required rate of return or discount rate of 9%. Is it feasible for the company and cost effective? From the standpoint of long-term investment, it seems the new machine will be a valued addition to the team and allow production to not only run at current levels but also maintain new levels of efficiency. Also because it is considered a long-term investment, the company should also consider it an investment and possibly obtain a credit line for the local bank to cover this asset. In this way, the company can also apply for extended warranties to cover any maintenance or break down of the machine over the life of the loan. If the company has prime credit, a low interest rate of 6% is guaranteed and look into possible incentives with the local bank as a regular customer who pays on time, it may be possible to reduce the interest if there is not a pre-payment penalty. Suffice it say, there is cash flow that could be allocated for the purchase but also used for reinvestment in other areas of the company. Traditionalists will want to pay as much upfront as one can but if the long-range benefit outweighs the short-term loan, then by all means allow the company a li ttle space to get ahead with the new machine. Like above the net present value for the machine can be determined with the following equation. The NPV is assumed as the present value of the projects cash inflows minus the present value of the projects cash outflows (Mathis, par. 2). This relationship is expressed by the following formula: (Mathis, par. 2) TASK FIVE: Buying Out and Merging Every business needs planning or a defined strategy in place for future growth and control of known issues. There is a certain amount of power that comes from knowing what’s next. Smaller firms are vital to the economic health and stimulus of the world, mainly western nations like the United States and those found in Europe. Much of the success of these firms falls into the hands of leaders involved with everyday management but also the planning for future generations. Sir Adrian Cadbury writes, â€Å"Firms form the basic building block for businesses throughout the world. The economic and social importance of regional family enterprises has now become more widely recognized† (p. 5). In fact, it has been found that many firms do not survive the transition a generational business can represent. Many do not see life after the transition, which leads to decreased economic mobility and health. With this in mind, it is very important to have a transition strategy in place. T his requires proactive information sharing with all members even if some are not directly involved with day-to-day operations. This will ease the burden of conflict that may arise later. As with any organisation, knowledge management is key to good communication but with a small firm also instrumental for a successful future. This leads one to wonder how the structure of a smaller firm may differ from larger corporations? Is there a chain of command? How does leadership work?   It seems recently the trend of one company buying out another or merging to become one larger company is on the rise. It is in the news everyday, only drawing minimal concern from the public as regulators call into question the legality of such actions. Do mergers and acquisitions make the world a better place for consumers or do they just offer less for the consumer to choose from in the marketplace. It seems that most large companies see this practice as a means of redefining the marketplace by getting rid of the competition and making the competition work for them. In this respect, governments are able to make the rules of the merger and acquisition, setting the standard by which products of both companies can continue to compete with each other in a given market. This in turn, fuels the fire for increased advantage, working toward the goal of ultimately feeding off each other’s energy until it is exhausted. One finds this type of government control more in telecommunicatio ns and banking than other industries. For the retail industry, it seems a foregone conclusion that eventually opportunities will present themselves. From the looks of their balance sheets of Furniture Concepts there is a reason the company seeks a merger with another company. There seems to be a large amount of sales but not enough profit being generated. Within the last year their expenses have tripled but the production has not. They look to be in trouble. Another concern is founded within their name it self. Why call them selves a Furniture Concepts store when they sell carpet? It should be Carpet Concept. It may be that they have diversified their production schemes so far that this amounts to the increase of expenses? The recommendation would be to acquire the company, keep high performing employees on board and cut the lard. Expenses may also be attributed to bad debts acquired to maintain production or inflated management salaries? This would be a good move for the organisati on and also allow our furniture store to diversify without much overhead or inventory issues. CONCLUSION An organisation needs a clear picture of financial health in order to maintain operations and continue a path of growth toward market share. Many things go into deciphering this financial status. Part of what has happened here is a need for new tactics that are tried and true but without great risk affiliation like the credit offer. This strategy while well meaning for the short term has caused long-term ramifications for the organisation starting with growing pains. Lastly, research shows that the greatest obstacle to accepting new policies is fear of change. Therefore, this makes the transition period crucial and should be handled with kid gloves by management. Communication should be open and clear. REFERENCES 2003, ‘Capital budgeting needs vision’, Business Line, Islamabad, 21 July. Allen, G 1999, Introduction to Marketing, Mountain View College, Mountain View. Anonymous 1991, ‘Risk and Return’, The Economist, p. 1-2. Brozik, D 2006, Time Value of Money, Marshall University, Huntington, West Virginia. Cadbury, S A 2000, Smaller Firms and their Governance Creating Tomorrow’s Company from Today’s, Egon Zehnder International, London. Colli, A 2001, Knowledge and Leadership Succession in Small and Medium Family Firms. Evidence and Generalization From the Italian Experience, Bocconi University, Milan. Lefley, F 1997, ‘Management Accounting’, Journal of Accounting, vol. 75, iss. 1, p. 64. Mathis, R 2004, ‘Corporate Finance Live: Capital Asset Pricing Model’, viewed 10 September 2008, http://www.swlearning.com/web-resources/CAPM.htm.> Mathis, R 2004, ‘Corporate Finance Live: Present Value’, viewed 10 September 2008,  http://www.swlearning.com/web-resources/timevalue.htm.> Mathis, R 2004, ‘Corporate Finance Live: Risk and Return’, viewed 10 September 2008,  http://www.swlearning.com/web-resources/riskandreturn.htm.>. McCracken, M 2004, ‘CAPM’, viewed 10 September 2008, http://www.teachmefinance.com/capm.html>. Miller, D Whitney, J 1999, ‘Beyond Strategy: Configuration as a Pillar of Competitive Advantage’, Business Horizons, vol. 42, no. 3. Wignaraja, G 2004, ‘Building Business Competitiveness,’ International Trade  Forum, 1 April. APPENDICES APPENDIX A Table 1. Cash Flows APPENDIX B Table 2. Must Have Furnishers Ltd. Simplified Profit and Loss Account for the year ended 30/09/03 2002 2003 APPENDIX C Table 3. Must Have Furnishers Ltd. Simplified Balance Sheet for Must Have Furnishers Ltd. for the year ended 30/09/03 APPENDIX D Table 4. Furniture Concepts Ltd Profit and Loss Account for the period March 2001 to March 2002 Profit and Loss Account for the period March 2002 to March 2003 APPENDIX E Table 5. Balance Sheets for March 2002 and March 2003 for Comparison Balance Sheet as at 12 March 2002 Furniture Concepts Ltd Balance Sheet as at 12 March 2003

Humming Birds :: essays research papers

Hummingbirds in Flight   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Hummingbirds are fascinating birds that are always fun to watch. These birds are able to hover in mid-air, dart from side to side, go straight up or down, or even backwards. They can out-fly and out-maneuver birds hundreds of times their size. There are many factors that contribute to the hummingbirds’ ability to fly so easily through the air.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A hummingbird’s wings are shaped so that they are slightly rounded on the top. Bernoulli’s Principle explains why this helps the bird to fly. The air passing over the top of the wing must travel further than the air going under the wing. As the hummingbird moves forward, the velocity of the fluid increases over the wing and the pressure above the wing is reduced. The higher pressure under the hummingbird’s wing provides lift for the bird.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Hummingbirds have unusually strong muscles that enable them to raise and lower their wings with great power. As the Hummingbirds thrust their wings up and down, they fly into the air with amazing agility and speed. The sleek outline of the bird and smooth feathers create little drag as the bird darts through the air. Hummingbirds have even been seen flying upside down!   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Another factor that helps explain how hummingbirds fly is called Archimedes Principle. The hummingbird stays in the air at a high altitude because it is held up by a buoyant force. The buoyant force is equal to the weight of the volume of fluid it displaces. The Venturi effect is evident when the hummingbird holds it’s wings close to it’s body.

Disc Evaluation

The Steadiness Style, as compared to the four major behavioral styles – dominant, interactive, and cautious styles – are known to be the most considerate and compassionate individuals when it comes to building relationships and being involved with other individuals. The Steadiness Styles are dependable people because individuals will be able to engage in an open and trusting conversation with them. They listen and empathize with other people. Moreover, the Steadiness Styles’ care and compassion for other people may be observed by their steadfastness as friends and their dedication and trustworthiness when it comes to their career.Due to this exceptional consideration of other people, and their cool and composed personality that makes them amicable and easy to talk to, they are also able to gain friends and acquaintances that will treat them in the same way that they do other people. This allows them to build solid relationships with other people. This characteris tic may be observed when you look at their personal belongings. Their valuing of other people is perceptible because they keep pictures of individuals who they care for. Being people-oriented, involvement with other people becomes their motivation to do. The Steadiness Styles are not comfortable with change.They cannot cope up with change as easily as other behavioral styles can. Changes and disorders strain them out making them perturbed. They are more inclined to be able to cope with change through a slow and premeditated transition. Change should be done gradually, with careful preparation, and little by little they will be able to get used to new situations and environments. This kind of attitude may be attributed to the Steadiness Styles’ never-ending quest for stability. In addition, these styles value equilibrium. When faced with conflicts and arguments, they choose to become agreeable to avoid dispute.Another dominant and observable quality of the Steadiness styles is their capability to work well within a group. They are dependable and trustworthy teammates who are accepting of their roles and duties as a part of team. Due to their stable and balanced nature, they approach work with orderliness through careful and thorough planning. They carry out even the most difficult plans because of their determination and passion for their vocation. Their ability to work well with a group may affect the way they make decisions because they always ask the opinions, proposals, and suggestions of other people.This is primarily because of their apprehensions regarding change and imbalance. Steadiness Styles: Strengths and Weaknesses Overall, the strengths of the Steadiness Styles are observed in their ability to listen intently and attentively to other people. This allows them to work well within a team because they are not set in their ways. They are genuinely concerned about other people making individuals feel valued and supported by them. Their ability to work with a team is also one of their strong points, especially when it is applied in the workplace.Teamwork is highly significant in organizations due to the amount of work being asked for and the variety and quantity of work assigned to employees. This reinforces another characteristic, which is reliability. Their listening skills and their being a team player makes them reliable individuals. Persistence and diligence is also one important character traits that make the Steadiness Styles’ personality impressive. Carrying out their roles and responsibilities is not enough. The Steadiness Styles are also skilled and motivated to follow-through. Another valuable strength of the Steadiness Styles is their ability to think logically.This is most significant in the workplace where the working environment is highly dependent on organization. They are good planners. They think things through before making decisions. One good thing about them being a good planner is that they are a ble to map out the entire process, outweigh the benefits and the risks, generalize or make conclusions, before carrying out the plan. And when they do carry out their carefully made plan, they do it with doggedness and resolve. Moreover, they look through the process entirely even after the plan is carried out completely.They are able to evaluate and assess the plan, the process of implementation, and the results concluded from the plan. This is also highly important in organizational teamwork. Although the strengths of the Steadiness Styles allow them to become valuable members of a team or to start meaningful relationships with other people, they also have weaknesses which may disrupt their way of life. These weaknesses are often rooted from their fear of change and instability. Because of this fear, the Steadiness Styles are not able to initiate goals or plans for the future, except for their personal aspirations of achieving stability and security.They are afraid of taking risks and the consequences that might arise from changes or from decisions. They always have to think it through for longer periods of time, and due to their strong bonds with other people, they always have to consult individuals before making decisions. This oversensitivity is a source of their failure to move forward or to explore new prospects and discover even greater opportunities and possibilities. Indecisiveness is one of their major weaknesses. Furthermore, the Steadiness Styles are unable to deal with relentless or persuasive change.They have to go through the process of thinking the situation through. After this, they would have to create a plan on how to go about the changes. Adapting to new situations and environments take time. This kind of attitude may hinder them from following trends, especially in the workplace. This does not permit them from going with the flow because they are always resistant of change. When Steadiness Styles are under stress, they tend to become comp liant and dependent individuals. They become passive because they do not want to get involved with conflicts.Therefore, the Steadiness Styles become in accord with people and situations even if they do not agree with other people’s opinions or ideas, or even the situation they are in. In this case, changes in relationships and environments are avoided by being submissive although suffering from discomfort. Their dependency to other people is also one of their weaknesses. Although it is not particularly harming to their way of life, the security that they get from gaining approval from other people is not permanent. They should be able to gain self-assurance and security from within, rather than from other people.Agree or Disagree? Reading the DISC Platinum Rule Assessment is a very stimulating experience. It allowed me to see who I am tangibly. Some people, including myself, are somewhat confused of who they are and are unable to understand why they behave or act in a particu lar way. The DISC Platinum Rule Assessment affirmed who I am as a person because I became aware of who I really am and why I do the things or act the way I do. As I was reading through the pages of the assessment, I began reminiscing significant parts of my life and amazingly enough, I found myself agreeing to everything that the assessment was explicating.There were some points in my life where I was hesitant of making decisions because I was afraid of what the consequences may be. Moreover, I find comfort in being involved with other people and I easily connect and build relationships with them. With this in mind, I would have to say that the DISC Platinum Rule Assessment was successful in mapping out my personality and also providing me with insights on how I can handle stressful situations and also how to help change my personality by turning my weaknesses into strengths.

Constitution Timeline Essay

Our founding Fathers had a vision in mind when writing the Constitution to ensure all citizens of the United States were treated equally and fairly. The Constitution was also to place rules and guidelines in place so that not one person or government politician would have full control. It was to be a country for the citizens’ where they have a voice in what takes place and in the way it is managed. There were many items that influenced the Constitution and had a significance that contributed to it. I’ll start with the Magna Carta. The Magna Carta was an English Charter that was issued in 1215. Its purpose was to limit government authority. It is considered one of the most important documents in the establishment of democracy; its influence is clearly seen in the United States Constitution and Bill of Rights. (GCU, 2012) The Magna Carta also represented several ideas, one in which is the significant innocent until proven guilty. Others include; right of individuals to know the charges filed against them, right to judgment by peers before imprisonment, and right to be represented by an attorney. The Magna Carta is evident in the Constitution by the limiting of government authority. It was the founding Fathers purpose to not let any one person or political group have complete control. But, to include the citizens in the say of how things worked and were ran. Second, is the Mayflower Compact which was issued in 1620. It was the first governing document that was passed because settlers agreed to abide by the rules of the government. It consisted of two essential elements; it reveals the promise that America, as it develops, is to be built upon Christian principles and a government of law, not men. It enjoins upon the government to enact constitutionally equal laws, ordinances, acts, constitutions and offices, from time to time, as shall be thought most just and convenient for the general good of the people. (Digest, 1951) The Mayflower Compact came about by the settlers coming over on the Mayflower, when they realized that the earlier settlers had failed when it came to guiding their developments. The settlers wanted to be successful in their developments and be fair to everyone; by treating everyone equally. Its contribution to the Constitution is the Christian faith and the equality of all people. Without this, we may be treated differently by the amount of money we make or even because of our race. This ensured everyone the same opportunities in our country and rules to live by. Third, is the Declaration of Independence. It was passed in 1776 adapting resolutions of endorsing independence. It all started from the French and Indian War, the British Parliament wanted the colonists to pay for the war. The colonists however believed that they should not have to pay taxes in which they did not believe in. The colonists wanted to voice their concerns but were denied by the British Parliament. From this, came the revolutionary cry No Taxation without Representation. This is when a committee of 5 was formed and the Declaration was formed. It declared all colonies free from the British Parliament and declared all colonies to be free and independent states. The most radical idea advanced by the American Revolutionaries was the proposition set forth in the Declaration of Independence that â€Å"all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain Unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty, and the pursuit of Happiness.† (Mintz, 2012) Its contribution to the Constitution is the free and independent states along with the separation from British Parliament. Without this, we probably would not have our 50 different states. We would more than likely still be running and operating with the British Parliament as one big nation. This allowed colonists to be individualized, independent, and free to set their own government rules and regulations. Fourth, is the Articles of Confederation. It was signed in 1777 and was the first governing document of the newly formed nation. This turned the colonies into a confederation. The articles explained individual states rights; defined the rights of the central government; and declared the Articles could only be changed with ratification of all state legislatures. (GCU, 2012) It also specifies how the national government is to operate. Under the Articles the states were more powerful than the central government, which consisted only of a Congress. Each state had one vote in Congress, with that vote determined by a delegation of from two to seven representatives. Though the Congress had the authority to regulate foreign affairs, wage war, and maintain the postal system, it had no power to levy and collect taxes or regulate interstate commerce. (West 2005) The contribution to the Constitution is defining the rules and regulations of the government. Without rules and regulations, many states would have been run not equal or even without any rules. This would cause many states to be a mess and not have regulation. These articles played a huge part in how our government runs today by giving different members of Congress votes and not having a certain group where they can run everything. Last, is the Federalist Papers. These were papers written between 1787 and 1788 arguing for the ratification of the Constitution that was published in newspapers. There were approximately 85 papers written by John Jay, James Madison, and Alexander Hamilton. All three of the authors drew from their extensive experience in national politics and the military and diplomatic struggle for independence. Their purpose was to clarify and explain the provisions of the Constitution, expounding its benefits over the existing system of government under the articles of confederation. (West, 2005) There were 3 influential articles that included: strong republic and addresses how to guard against factions, establishes separation of powers and introduces the idea of checks and balances, and expressed opposition to what eventually became the Bill of Rights. The contribution to the Constitution is probably the most influential from these papers. All of them were influential and resulted in the 9th and 10th amendments to the Constitution. There were many factors that played a major role in the development of our nations Constitution. These listed above were only a few but many were the most influential. I personally am thankful to live in a country that has rules and guidelines and allows us as citizens to be a part of the voting process. It is our right to vote and have a say in how we think our money should spent or how things are ran in our state. Regardless of which law passes or fails, we are all treated equally in the eyes of the law and are all here because our founding Fathers took the time out to create a document that laid out guidelines for us and many generations to come to live by. In the words of Washington, â€Å"Let us Raise to the standard to which the wise and honest can repair; the rest is in the hands of God.† (Digest, 1951) REFERENCES Grand Canyon University. (2012). Retrieved November 29, 2012, from POS 301 Lecture 1 Notes: www.gcu.edu THE MAYFLOWER COMPACT. (1951). Congressional Digest, 30(6/7), 171-172. Mintz, D. S. (2012). Digital History. Retrieved November 29, 2012 , from Declaration of Independence: http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/disp_textbook.cfm?smtID=3&psid=149 â€Å"Articles of Confederation.† West’s Encyclopedia of American Law. 2005. Retrieved November 30, 2012 from Encyclopedia.com: http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G2-3437704858.html â€Å"Federalist Papers.† West’s Encyclopedia of American Law. 2005. Retrieved November 30, 2012 from Encyclopedia.com: http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G2-3437701784.html

Origins of World War II Essay

After the end of the First World War, the statesmen of all the major countries felt that such alarming war must anyhow be averted in order to ensure international peace, security and safety. This is why the League of Nations was set up and it was believed that such a ‘multinational’ organization would be able to peacefully settle all international disputes and guarantee peace and security in the international sphere. However, the success or failure of the League actually depended upon the attitude and activity of its members, particularly the Big Powers. But, unfortunately, soon it was found that the major Powers were at cross purposes. They adopted their foreign policy in their own interest and showed little respect to the principles underlying the League of Nations. Particularly, the dream of three allies – Germany, Japan and Italy was fundamentally different from the ideals of the Western Powers and Soviet Russia. The Trio (Germany, Japan and Italy) intended to have some share in the Afro-Asian areas which had already been divided among the Western Powers. Thus, it was really a conflict between two policies – â€Å"status quo† and â€Å"New Order†. Flouting the League The first shock to League of Nations was given by Japan. In 1931 Japan violated the League Covenant and the Kellogg Pact by occupying the Chinese territory of Manchuria and setting up a puppet state there. China appealed to the League which condemned this act of aggression and appointed a commission under Lord Litton to report. But the fulmination of the League had no effect on Japan who, when the commission’s report went against her, withdrew from the League in 1933. The defection of Japan was a serious blow to the League. But worse was to come when Germany had begun secretly rearm to arm as soon as Hitler came into power. But after the failure of the Disarmament Conference, Hitler came into the open. In 1935, he repudiated those clauses of the Treaty of Versailles which had imposed limitations on her armed strength, and reintroduced conscription. In the next year he denounced the Locarno Treaty and re-occupied and refortified those zones of the Rhineland, which had been demilitarized by the Treaty of Versailles. The Great Powers were at cross purposes and so nothing was done to resist Hitler’s insolent violation of the treaty obligations. Italy under Mussolini pursued an imperial policy and in 1935 made an unprovoked attack upon Abyssinia, a member of the League. The emperor of Abyssinia, Haile Selassie, appealed to the League against the act of wanton aggression. The League declared Italy to be the aggressor and recommended the application of economic sanctions. The Italian campaign was short, swift and brutal. After some resistance Haile Selassie fled abroad and his capital Addis Ababa was occupied by Italian troops. The King of Italy was proclaimed Emperor of Abyssinia. Italy withdrew from the League of Nations in 1936. Foreign Policies and International Relations When Hitler came to power he was pledge to recover for Germany the position of power and importance which she had held before the First World War. He envisaged the formation of a ‘Third Reich’ or empire which would include all Germans in a new or greater German state. This involved the ultimate absorption of Germans in a new or greater German state. This involved the ultimate absorption of German-populated regions of Austria, Czechoslovakia and Poland. The dictated treated treaty which Germany had been forced to accept stood in the way of realizing his ambition. Hence Hitler was determined to tear away the Treaty of Versailles which had imposed humiliating restrictions upon Germany, and to make her a power to reckon with. His first significant step in this direction was to withdraw from the Disarmament Conference and to announce a program of conscription. Next he left the League of Nations and openly flouted it by occupying the demilitarized Rhineland. England, France tamely acquiesced in this violation of treaty obligation and so Hitler was encouraged to take larger risks. The Phony War-the events of Europe especially the civil war associated with Spain prove beyond doubt that the shadow of Fascism was falling across Europe, long before the actual outbreak of World War II. The Spanish civil war which broke out in 1936 was an event of utmost importance. It has been aptly called the ‘Little World War’ because it involved all other powers. The Spanish civil war was a prelude to World War II. In Spain, Italy and Germany is defiance of the principal ‘Collective Security’ undermined a democratic government and Britain and France demonstrated a complete callousness which resulted in the victory of Fascism in Spain. The outcome of Spanish Civil War foreshadowed that, in future, Fascisms might apply the same tactics on a bigger scale. The smoldering discontent against monarchy forced Alfonzo XIII of Spain to leave the country in April 1931. Immediately afterwards President Zamora declared Spain to be republic. In Spain the extreme republicans started anti-clerical riots and centrifugal tendencies demonstrated themselves in the attempt to establish autonomy in Catalonia and certain other provinces. The election of the Constitutional Assembly on June 28, 1931, showed a definite landslide for republicanism and in the Cortes the socialists with 117 seats became the largest single group. Spain adopted a radical republican constitution based on German, Soviet and Mexican model with a president and a cabinet responsible to the Cortes. The Church was deprived of its hold over education and civil liberties were guaranteed. Expropriation of the large landed estates proceeded apace. Most of these reforms were carried out by the radical minister Manuel Asana. In the election of 1933 the Asana government fell the Cortes was dominated by a moderate coalition ministry which did not enforce the laws against landed estates and church. Premier Lerroux tried to establish a pro-Fascist government and suppressed the radical opposition. President Zamora now dissolved the Cortes and ordered fresh election in 1936. In the election of February, 1936, the popular Front parties composed to republicans’ socialists and communists secured 258 seats and the right parties 215. Asana became the president and Santiago Cascaras Quiroga became the Premier. The government had to face immediate opposition from unruly groups like Spanish Phalanx and the Army. The attempt of the Government to steer a middle course failed to quell disturbances and the Fascists after careful preparation staged a military revolt on June 18. Military revolts took place in a number of garrison towns in Spain and Spanish Morocco. During the Spanish imbroglio Hitler had learnt all he needed about the weakness of the victors of Versailles. He had found that this intervention in Spain had not met with any resistance from the powers and so he was emboldened to embark upon a policy of naked aggression. He turned his attention to Austria whose union with Germany had been expressly prohibitive by the treaty of Versailles. He encouraged Nazi agitation within Austria, bullied the Austrian chancellor into appointing a Nazi minister and forced him to agree to conduct foreign affairs as Germany’s dictator. Germany and Italy were naturally interested in installing a Fascist power in Spain. The Salazar government of Portugal saw in the radical republic the germs of Bolshevik state and activity aided and abetted in its downfall. Italy and Germany saw in the rise of a Fascist Spain great advantage to their cause. Ideologically the adherence of Spain would help the spread of Fascism and materially it would weaken France increase the possibility of exploiting Spanish mines and raw materials in a future war against democracies and strengthen the hold of Italy in the Western Mediterranean. The Labor opposition strongly urged help to Government legally constituted. But Stanley Baldwin and even Churchill, who opposed the Nazi aggression on every other issue, felt that nothing could be done for helping the Republicans. The behavior of the French government during this period was an enigma to the rest of the world. The Republic was in dire need of more arms but contrary to all expectations the French Popular Front government prohibited all export of arms to Spain on July 25, 1936. This was a violation of an earlier agreement whereby France had undertaken to supply arms to Spain. The British government was steering a middle course. It was unwilling to alienate Italy whose friendship was earnestly sought for as a counterpoise to Nazi Germany. When Blum suggested the formation of a Committee of Non-Intervention it was welcomed. This committee was formed in August 1936, with twenty seven nations. The purpose of the committee was to enforce the agreement reached among powers to hold a ring around Spanish Civil War so that others might not be involved in it and to prevent any military aid on either side. The Fascists power had no intention of letting down Franco and while Britain and France meticulously applied the principle of non-intervention to prohibit export arms to Spain, the rebels received planes, munitions and men from Germany, Italy and Portugal. Thus while the legitimate government of Spain was deprived of all aids from outside and ran short of the sinews of war, in the name of non-intervention, the rebels secured active foreign aid. The League Council passed a resolution in May 1936, and directed all other states not to intervene in the Spanish Civil war. The Fascist powers were now free to act as they liked Spain. Men and arms poured to the rebels while the legitimate government suffered from lack of supply due to the intervention of the Committee of Non-intervention. The dubious role of the Non-Intervention Committee merely provided a shield for Fascist aggression in Spain. Italy and Germany were allowed to strike another blow at the democracies. Next in 1938 he poured troops into Austria and incorporated it in Nazi empire. Till now Italy had been the most effective protector of Austria, but she was now busy with her own acts of aggression in Abyssinia and so did not interfere with a fellow aggressor. The ease with which Hitler had annexed Austria whetted his territorial appetite and encouraged him to further acts of aggression (Paul 59). Czechoslovakia an artificial creation of the peace treaties contained a considerable element of German population. Hitler first began a ‘war of nerves’ by a bombardment of accusation, abuse and menaces and then declared that his patience had been exhausted. He peremptorily demanded that Sudetenland which was predominantly inhabited by the Germans should be ceded to the Reich and that he would take it by force it peaceful means failed. At that time, Chamberlain, the British Prime Minister, tried to persuade Hitler to resist himself. Soon the Munich Pact was signed by the Big Powers and they intended to satisfy Hitler by giving him Sudetenland of Czech-Slovakia. As Fleming observes, â€Å"Nations have often being conquered by enemies, but never before a proud and worthy people been bludgeoned into submission by its own allies† (Fleming 56). Thus, Hitler was encouraged to proceed towards Poland and soon the crisis further aggravated. Original of world war II- having taken Memel Hitler began to mature plans for an assault upon Poland. He demanded the Danzig should be incorporated in the German Reich and the Polish Corridor should be ceded to Germany. This was the last straw. Chamberlain gave up his policy of appeasement and announced that in the event of an aggression on Poland, Great Britain would come to the rescue the Polish government. Thus, when Germany attacked Poland, the Second World War broke out, because Britain and France now realized that the policy of appeasement ended in a fiasco (Ray 112). So long, Hitler had intended to neutralize Britain and had signed a non-aggression Pact with Soviet Russia. Naturally, he thought that now he would find little resistance against his plan of occupying the Polish Corridor. In fact, he desired to localize the the Polish war on which he had set his heart. To isolate Poland, Hitler now attempted to win Great Britain. In a message, delivered verbally to the British Ambassador, Sir Neville Henderson, he expressed his desire to solve in his own way the question of Polish Corridor and Danzig, but at the same time, he pledged himself for the continuance of British Empire. He even expressed his readiness to render German assistance, if required, to Britain. On August 28, the British Government proposed direct negotiation for resolving the differences between Poland and Germany. Hitler in reply demanded that Warsaw should send an emissary with full powers to negotiate with German government. The proposal had no chance of being accepted and the British government in reply sent a counter-proposal of a restoration of normal contact. It was presented by Neville Henderson to Foreign Minister Ribbentrop on August 30. On September 1, the German army marched into the Polish territory to execute ‘Case White’. A last-minute effort for peace by Mussolini failed and the Anglo-French Powers declared war on Germany on September 3, 1939. Conclusion Thus, the outbreak of the Second World War was not at all a surprising affair. In fact, the Big Powers pursued different policies in self interest and when their unity was badly needed, they differed with from one another. Soviet Russia alone emphasized on the policy of a united stand, because it believed in the doctrine ‘peace is indivisible’. However, the capitalist countries like Britain and France talked with it for common safety but, in reality, they adopted a half-hearted policy. While France was directly involved in a rivalry with Germany, Britain intended to keep a safe distance. As Winston Churchill, the former British Prime Minister, held â€Å"Clemenceau or Poincare would have left Mr. Baldwin no option† (Churchill 154). In other words, France intended to fight against German militarism, but Chamberlain was not ready to join it. America was outside the league at that time, and hence, it had no responsibility to prevent the Global War. The Spanish Civil War and the weakness of France actually encouraged Hitler to continue his aggressive policy (Fleming, The Origin of the Cold War, 62). Moreover, Italy and Japan were longing for some territorial advantage against the wishes of the Western Powers. In such circumstances, a Global War was the only inevitability.

IT - Attacking Cryptography Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

IT - Attacking Cryptography - Essay Example Security requires constant and periodic changes to pace up and counter the threats that are ever increasing. Similarly, cryptography also goes with the same approach of upgrading new state of the art encryption algorithms one after another and from safe to the safest, so that it cannot be cracked. Lastly, the future concerns for blow fish encryption algorithm are associated with minimizing the use of S boxes along with less iterative processes along with sub key calculation on the fly. Two fish that is considered to be the next state of the art encryption algorithm after blow fish will be considered as AES final with 128 bit block size and can handle more operations. Two fish incorporates a 16 round structure with additional options for inputs and outputs, as the plain text is converted in to 32 bit words. The inputs incorporates four key words followed by sixteen rounds and each round, two words on the left are utilized as inputs to the function donated by ‘g’ (Stinson and Tavares ). ... S-boxes are dependent on large keys that are more resilient to cryptanalysis (Anderson. n.d). Moreover, permutations are key dependent with a support of diverse operations associated with mathematics that is integrated with XOR and addition (Anderson). For attacking the encrypted files, Charlie can use many attack methods for retrieving the password files stored in the database maintained by ‘keepass’. The plaintext and cipher text methods of attacks incorporates a cryptanalyst that has an access to plaintext and the conforming cipher text and pursues to find association in between the two. Whereas, a cipher text is associated with an attack in which cryptanalyst is accessible to cipher text and do not have access to conforming plaintext. Charlie can use generic ciphers such as Caesar, frequency analysis for cracking the cipher on Alice’s workstation. Moreover, Charlie can also use a plaintext and chosen cipher text attack for retrieving the passwords. This type o f attack incorporates a cryptanalyst that is capable of encrypting a plaintext of choice and examines the results of cipher text. This type of attack is most generic for asymmetric cryptography, as Charlie can gain public key via cryptanalyst. Charlie can also choose cipher text attack that incorporates a cryptanalyst selecting a cipher text that seeks for a similar plaintext. Charlie can decrypt oracle that is a machine for decrypting data without exposure of key. Moreover, Charlie can also execute the attack on public key encryption, as it initiate with a cipher text and seeks for similar matched plaintext data available publically. Charlie can also utilize adaptive attacks (Krawczyk), as these attacks incorporate a cryptanalyst that selects plaintext or cipher text